Recent articles
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From Almaty to Minsk: When does the Collective Security Treaty Organization Intervene?
( Volume 20, Issue 1)Abstract This study investigates how the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) intervenes militarily in the affairs of member states. Through comparative case study and process-tracing methodology, cases of non-intervention including Kyrgyzstan, 2005, 2010, 2020; Armenia, 2021; Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan, 2021–2; and Kursk, 2024 are compared to a single intervention that occurred in Kazakhstan, 2022. The analysis reveals that interventions are highly selective and not strictly driven by...
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High, Dry and Allied: The Ethics of Breaching the Collective Defence Duty
( Volume 20, Issue 1)Abstract This article adopts a normative approach to one of the most consequential issues of alliance management: the question of if and when an ally is justified in breaching its collective defence duty (CDD). An ally's CDD constitutes its formal obligation to militarily defend its ally in the event that the latter experiences an armed attack. Drawing on both normative political theory and contemporary International Relations scholarship on alliance credibility and security dilemmas, the...
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Beyond a Single Purpose: The Complex Reasons Behind International Sanctions
( Volume 20, Issue 1)Abstract Sanctions are increasingly imposed in response to international crises and military conflicts. Much is known about the aims sanctions seek to achieve, such as coercion, deterrence and signalling, yet the catalysts for their imposition are often overlooked. Despite the existence of a sanctions framework developed for specific international concerns, each sanctions programme has a justification unique to it. In my paper, I present a novel argument that a ‘menu’ of justifications exists...
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Collective Memory and National Role Conceptions: The Legacy of Violence on Foreign Policy in Austria and Greece During the Cold War
( Volume 20, Issue 1)Abstract This article investigates the influence of collective memories of violence on the foreign policies of small states, focusing on Austria and Greece as two ‘frontline states’ of the early Cold War in Europe. The article develops an analytical framework linking memory narratives to policy. Using qualitative discourse analysis, it shows how policy elites framed past violence either as heroic sacrifice or as national victimisation to conceptualise and legitimise diverging foreign policy...